How a trench is formed?

Trenches are formed by subduction, a geophysical process in which two or more of Earth’s tectonic plates converge and the older, denser plate is pushed beneath the lighter plate and deep into the mantle, causing the seafloor and outermost crust (the lithosphere) to bend and form a steep, V-shaped depression.

What are the three basic stages of an archaeological study?

Generally speaking, most archaeological field investigations are a three-step process. These processes are known as Phase I (Identification), Phase II (Evaluation) and Phase III (Mitigation/Data Recovery). The major components of each archaeological phase are addressed below.

Can archaeologists keep what they find?

Archaeologists do not keep the objects they excavate, since the remains generally belong to the country in which they are found. Archaeologists are only interested in studying the objects and do not keep or sell them.

What needs to be done before you start to excavate?

What you should do before you begin an excavation?

Identify the soil type(s) related to the excavation or trench you are going to dig.
Look for the legislative requirements that apply in your jurisdiction and the type of protective measures to be taken.
Locate all buried services.

What does Archaeology tell us about culture?

Archaeology is primarily concerned with reconstructing extinct cultures from the material remains of past human behavior, or the things people made or used and left behind. Archaeologists look for patterns in the artifacts they study that give them clues about how the people who made and used them lived.

What is a cut and cover tunnel?

Cut and cover construction involves using excavation equipment to dig a large trench or rectangular hole in the ground which is then covered by a concrete deck. Once the deck is in place, surface activity can largely resume as construction works continue below.

What is the most important artifact ever found?

Rosetta Stone

How do archaeologist excavate a site?

Excavating a Unit Archaeologists use a statistical sampling method to select which squares or units they will excavate. To begin, they will collect surface artifacts, then remove any ground vegetation. Archaeologists screen all soil removed from a unit to recover small artifacts and ecofacts.

What are the steps in an archaeological dig?

On This Page

Selecting the Site.
Conducting Research.
Excavating the Site.
Cleaning and Cataloguing Artifacts.
Reporting the Results.

What are the 6 types of soil?

There are six main soil groups: clay, sandy, silty, peaty, chalky and loamy….The Six Types of Soil

Clay Soil. Clay soil feels lumpy and is sticky when wet and rock hard when dry.
Sandy Soil.
Silty Soil.
Peaty Soil.
Chalky Soil.
Loamy Soil.

What are some Archaeology tools?

What Tools Are Used in Archaeological Digs?

Surveying Transit. The surveying transit resembles a small telescope and is mounted on a tripod.
String and Stakes.
Shovels.
Mason’s Trowel and Small Pickaxe.
Garden Clippers and Small Saws.
Brushes.
Paper and Plastic Bags.
Buckets, Dustpans, Wheelbarrows.

What is open cut method?

The open cut trench method involves excavating down to and exposing the existing pipe so that it can be repaired or replaced and then backfilled. If a small section of pipe is being replaced a Fernco type coupling is used to provide a water-tight connection to the existing pipe.

What are the 4 types of trenches?

Front-line Trench. This type of trench was also known as the firing-and-attack trench.
Support Trench. This trench was several hundred yards behind the front-line trench.
Reserve Trench. The reserve trench was several hundred yards behind the support trench.
Communication Trench.

How do you write an archaeologist?

List the research questions to be addressed, the plan of attack and the expected results. Make note of unexpected findings while you are in the field. Summarize the field work. The report must document features and artifacts uncovered through the use of remote sensing, walkover surveys, shovel testing and excavations.

What are the methods of Archaeology?

Instead, it leaves the buried archaeology for future generations when techniques of excavation might be even better.

Google Earth.
LIDAR.
Drones.
Shallow geophysics.
Soil geochemistry.
Ground penetrating radar.

What do archaeologists use to study the past?

Archaeology is the study of the human past using material remains. These remains can be any objects that people created, modified, or used. Archaeologists use artifacts and features to learn how people lived in specific times and places.

How do you write an archaeological excavation report?

Describe the geographic boundaries of the site including a description of the area’s physical environment and a historical background – either of the site and/or other archaeological works that have taken place. If previous excavations have occurred at the site, include this and describe what they found.

How do you excavate Archaeology?

Techniques used to find a site may include remote sensing (for example, by aerial photography), soil surveys, and walk-through or surface surveys. The digging of shovel tests, augured core samples and, less commonly, trenches may also be used to locate archaeological sites.

At what depth does an excavation become a confined space?

four feet

How Deep is an excavation?

OSHA defines an excavation as “any man-made cut, cavity, trench or depression in the earth’s surface formed by earth removal.” A trench is “a narrow underground excavation that is deeper than it is wide, and is no wider than 15 feet.” The agency points out that 1 cubic yard of soil can weigh up to 3,000 pounds – …

What do you do if you find Archaeology?

Report treasure, wreck material or archaeological finds

1 Check if the item you’ve found is treasure or wreck show. You need to check if what you’ve found counts as treasure or wreck material. Check if your find is treasure.
Step 2 Report treasure to the local coroner show. You must report treasure to the local coroner within 14 days of finding it. Find your local coroner.

What are the 3 types of excavation?

Excavation by Material

Topsoil Excavation. As the name suggests, this type of excavation involves the removal of the exposed or the topmost area of the earth’s surface.
Rock Excavation.
Muck Excavation.
Earth Excavation.
Cut and Fill Excavation.
Trench Excavation.
Basement Excavation.
Dredging.

What are the methods of excavation?

There are number of excavation methods which are used for deep foundation construction such as full open cut method, bracing excavation, anchored excavation, island excavation methods,zoned excavation, top down construction methods etc. These excavation techniques are discussed.

What is an example of an archaeologist?

The definition of an archaeologist is a person who studies human history, particularly the culture of historic and prehistoric people, through discovery and exploration of remains, structures and writings. An example of an archaeologist is Kathleen Kenyon. Someone who is skilled, professes or practices archaeology.

What is trench excavation?

TRENCH: An excavation in which material removal forms a narrow opening in the ground. Unlike large excavations, a trench is generally deeper than it is wide. OSHA considers an excavation to be a trench if it is 15 feet wide or less at the bottom of the excavation.

How can we prevent excavation?

Provide protection by:

Set spoils and equipment at least 2 feet back from the excavation.
Use retaining devices, such as a trench box that will extend above the top of the trench to prevent equipment and spoils from falling back into the excavation.

What type of soil Cannot be benched?

Examples include granular soils such as gravel, sand and loamy sand; submerged soil or soil from which water is freely seeping; and submerged rock that is not stable. Benching Type C soil is unacceptable and shall not be done.