How does halothane cause hepatitis?
Free radicals that are produced by the metabolism of halothane in the liver can modify cellular proteins and introduce neo-antigens to the immune system. Sensitization to these neo-antigens induces a more severe response after multiple exposures; most cases of type 2 hepatitis occur after repeated contact.
What is the structure of halothane?
C2HBrClF3
Halothane/Formula
What Anaesthesia causes hepatitis?
Sevofurane is one of the most commonly used volatile anesthetic agents, particularly for outpatient anesthesia and has an excellent safety record. Sevoflurane has been implicated in rare single case reports of severe acute liver injury similar to halothane hepatitis.
What causes ischemic hepatitis?
Causes of Ischemic Hepatitis Ischemic hepatitis develops when the liver’s requirements for blood, oxygen, or both are not being met. Decreased oxygen levels in the body, as may result from prolonged, severe respiratory disorders, can also cause ischemic hepatitis.
Where is halothane metabolized?
Halothane is metabolized extensively in hepatocytes by CYP 2E1 and, to a lesser extent, via CYP 2A6 to form trifluoroacetyl chloride, which is chemically reactive and forms trifluoroacetyl adducts with proteins.
Which one is a disadvantage of halothane?
4 Halothane Disadvantages include sensitization of the heart to the arrhythmic effects of epinephrine, cardiorespiratory depression, and hepatotoxicity (56). Halothane causes hypotension by increasing venous compliance and decreasing systemic vascular resistance (56).
How is halothane metabolized?
Current Concepts in Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Halothane is metabolized extensively in hepatocytes by CYP 2E1 and, to a lesser extent, via CYP 2A6 to form trifluoroacetyl chloride, which is chemically reactive and forms trifluoroacetyl adducts with proteins.
What causes hypoxic hepatitis?
The most common cause of hypoxic hepatitis is a combination of liver congestion due to chronic cardiac failure and an acute drop in cardiac output causing liver ischemia.
What is the pathophysiology of halothane hepatitis?
Halothane hepatitis produces hepatocellular destruction without evidence of cholestasis (eg, similar to tetracycline ), and this may be extremely difficult to differentiate from the centrizonal necrosis of severe viral hepatitis. The presence of granulomata, eosinophils, fat, and confluent necrosis suggests halothane hepatoxicity.
What are the side effects of halothane?
Side effects. The resulting syndrome was referred to as halothane hepatitis, and is thought to result from the metabolism of halothane to trifluoroacetic acid via oxidative reactions in the liver. About 20% of inhaled halothane is metabolized by the liver and these products are excreted in the urine.
What is the mortality and morbidity associated with halothane toxicity?
About 20% of inhaled halothane is metabolized by the liver and these products are excreted in the urine. The hepatitis syndrome had a mortality rate of 30% to 70%.
When was halhalothane discovered?
Halothane was discovered in 1955. It is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.